Emerging data suggest that KRAS mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a heterogeneous disease based on the presence of co-mutations. These co-mutations may impact PD-L1 expression, a predictive biomarker for PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy, and may result in differential responses to immunotherapy.
Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a co-stimulatory and immune checkpoint protein. PD-L1 expression in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) is a hallmark of adaptive resistance and its expression is often used to predict the outcome of Programmed Death 1 (PD-1) and PD-L1 immunotherapy treatments. However, clinical benefits do not occur in all patients and new approaches are needed to assist in selecting patients for PD-1 or PD-L1 immunotherapies.
Ursolic acid (UA) is a pentacyclic triterpene acid present in many plants, including apples, basil, cranberries, and rosemary.
Background: Genomic tumor profiling studies have demonstrated that most cancer cells embody a multitude of genomic aberrations that may contribute to the tumor phenotype.
BACKGROUND:
Increasing evidence indicates that the interaction between the CXC chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4) and its ligand CXCL12 is critical in the process of metastasis that accounts for more than 90% of cancer-related deaths.
Small molecule inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) have been found to show a good initial response in cancer patients but during the course of treatment, patients develop resistance after a few weeks of time.