Active GTPase-Rac1 is associated with cellular processes involved in carcinogenesis and expression of Bcl-2 endows cells with the ability to evade apoptosis. Here we provide evidence that active Rac1 and Bcl-2 work in a positive feedforward loop to promote sustained phosphorylation of Bcl-2 at serine-70 (S70pBcl-2), which stabilizes its anti-apoptotic activity.
Individual computational models of single myeloid, lymphoid, epithelial, and cancer cells were created and combined into multi-cell computational models and used to predict the collective chemokine, cytokine, and cellular biomarker profiles often seen in inflamed or cancerous tissues.
PD-L1 expression can be constitutive and inducible. Constitutive expression is dependent upon cell genomics. Deleterious gene mutations influence cell signaling with downstream effects on PD-L1 expression levels. Inducible PD-L1 expression is dependent upon exposure of cells to IFNγ, TNFα, IL-1α, and IL-1β via TLRs or IFN receptors in the ERK and IFNγ signaling networks (1,4).